StudentShare
Contact Us
Sign In / Sign Up for FREE
Search
Go to advanced search...
Free

Impacts of Immigrants to UK and UK Immigration Policy on its Labour Market - Essay Example

Cite this document
Summary
 This essay on the impacts of immigrants to the UK and UK immigration policy on its labor market is very imperative in modern day politics. The policymakers and society of the UK hold the perception that immigrants reduce opportunities for jobs from native-born employees…
Download full paper File format: .doc, available for editing
GRAB THE BEST PAPER97.1% of users find it useful
Impacts of Immigrants to UK and UK Immigration Policy on its Labour Market
Read Text Preview

Extract of sample "Impacts of Immigrants to UK and UK Immigration Policy on its Labour Market"

 Impacts of Immigrants to UK and UK Immigration Policy on its Labour Market Introduction International migration is not a recent phenomenon, but a social phenomenon that has prevailed throughout the history of humanity. In the contemporary world, international migration has grown to be a major factor that influences the intricate space-time dynamics in the global and national socioeconomic systems (Zorlu and Hartog 2005; Venturini and Villosio, 2006). Numerous nations are progressively being affected by international migration. According to OECD, (2009) the countries that host the immigrants and the countries where the immigrants move from are both greatly affected by the immigration. The composition of the of the incoming immigrants is usually very different from that of the population of the receiving country on matters pertaining to demographic, cultural and socioeconomic attributes (Okkerse, 2008). As a corollary, the demographic and socioeconomic effects of international migration have become very apparent in the contemporary world and this has gained the attention of policy-makers and the society in general. This has consequently made the immigration process a playing field for numerous studies in the 21st century (e.g. Clark and Drinkwater, 2010; Macura et al. 2005) In theory, the effects of international migration on earnings and jobs for the population in the host country is critically contingent to the extent to which migrants’ skills are complements or substitutes to the skills of the population in the host country, and on how immigration impacts the demand for labour in the host country (Hatton and Tani, 2005). Apart from changes in salaries and employment Dustmann et al, (2008) asserts that there are at least two other adjustment mechanisms in which an economy acts in response to immigration. Besides enlarging labour supply, immigration has the propensity to increase the demand for labour (Saleheen, and Shadforth 2006). Immigrants increase the consumer demand for goods and services in the host country and in the long run, immigration can lead to more investment in the host country (Schmitt and Wadsworth 2007). As a result, this paper aims at identifying the effects of immigration to the UK and UK immigration policy on its labour market. Impacts of immigration to the wages and employment in the UK An empirical and experimental research by Dustmann et al (2013) on the labour market impacts of immigration in the UK shows that immigration has a moderately insignificant impact on the average earnings and salary distribution low, medium, and high paid employees. Dustmann et al (2013) conducted their research on the period 1997-2005 when the UK had momentous labour related immigration. Dustmann et al (2013) established that the increase in the numeral value of immigrants was 1% in proportion to UK-born working-age residents. They established that the 1% increase of immigration led to an increase in average earnings in the UK from 0.1 to 0.3% Another study by Reed and Latorre (2009), which focused on the period 2000-2007, established that a 1% increase of immigration in the UK reduced the average earnings in the UK by 0.3%. These two studies were conducted for different time intervals, hence the relatively contrasting conclusions. However, both studies agree that the impacts of immigration on average earnings in the host country are moderately low Dustmann et al (2013) findings showed that for each 1% increase in immigrants in the labour market a 0.6% decline is observed in the earnings of the 5% UK born employees who are lowly paid and to an increase of the same proportion in the wages of the UK born employees who are highly paid. Correspondingly, another study that researched on the wage effects at the occupational level in the period between 1992 and 2006, revealed that, the unqualified uneducated and semi-skilled employee's earnings reduce by about 0.5% after a 1 % increase of immigrants in the labour market (Nickell and Salaheen 2008). The studies done on this field further show that any adverse salary impacts of immigration are likely to mostly affect the workers who are not original residents of that country (i.e. the immigrants). This is can be attributed to the fact that the skill sets of new immigrants are likely to be closer substitutes for the skill sets of the immigrants who are already in employment in the host country for the employees who are original residents. Manacorda et al (2012) analyse data from 1975-2005 and assert that the major impact of augmented immigration is in the earnings of immigrants who are already in the UK than the employees who are UK original residents. The findings of Manacorda et al (2012) are illustrated in the figure below Impacts of immigration to the employment in the UK Lemos and Portes (2008) assert that, just like the impact on earnings, the impacts of immigration on employment are different in the short and long run. Drawing reference from the same argument, Jean and Jimenez (2007) conducted a study on the impact of immigration on the employment of local employees in OECD countries (including the UK). Jean and Jimenez (2007) revealed that an increase in immigrants in the labour force leads to an increase unemployment in the short and medium term (around 5-10 years) but has no noteworthy impact in the long run (10 years and above). Dustmann et al (2005) conducted a systematic study using data for the period between 1983-2000 to evaluate the changes on employment and labour market participation due to an increase in immigration levels in the UK. Drawing reference fro the data for the period 1983-2000, Dustmann et al (2005) affirmed that immigration had no noteworthy statistical impact on the general employment status of UK-born employees. The study did, nonetheless, identify some considerable statistical impacts on specific educational groups of UK-born employees. Dustmann et al (2005) revealed that immigration had adverse effects in terms of employment and labour market participation to UK-born employees with intermediate education (i.e. O-level and below) and an assenting impact on employment statuses of UK-born employees with higher education levels (A-levels or higher education degrees) as illustrated in the figure below. Source: Manacorda, Manning, and Wadsworth (2012) Two recent studies have presented supplementary insights on the effect of immigration on employment in the UK when by analysing the period in latest financial recession. Lucchino et al (2012) analysed the National Insurance Number (NINO) registrations statistics as of 2002 to 2011 to investigate the effects of immigration on claimant unemployment rates (i.e. a proxy for joblessness) in 379 local establishments in the UK. The findings of their study imply that there is indeed increasing rate of immigration has no effect on the claimant unemployment. This assertion is observed throughout the period of low economic growth and financial slump. In the year 2012, The Migration Advisory Committee (MAC) researched on the effects of an increase of immigrants on the employment of UK-born population by analysing statistics from the Labour Force Survey for the period between 1975 and 2010. According to the findings of the Migration Advisory Committee, (2012) it is evident that immigrants have no significant effect on UK-born populations employment. Nonetheless, MAC also evaluated the specific effects of EU and non-EU immigrants in the period between 1975 and 2010, which was divided into two sub durations: i.e. 1975-1994 and 1995-2010. This investigative venture revealed that non-EU immigration led to a decline in the employment of UK-born employees during 1995-2010. On the other hand, no noteworthy statistical impacts were realised for EU immigration. The study by MAC also brings into perspective the perception that there is a probability of the negative effects of immigration on employment of UK-born employees during major financial recessions. Evidence gaps and limitations of this analysis It is essential to acknowledge that the evaluation of the impacts of immigrants to the UK and UK immigration policy on its labour market faces several of procedural obstacles. For instance, immigrants who come to the UK usually go to areas that are experiencing economic development and high labour demand and this implies that immigration can be both a cause as well as an outcome of changes in earnings and employment. As a result, the process of establishing causality becomes very intricate. Another hindrance is that international immigration into a specific region might make some of the employees based on that region to leave that locale and move to other parts of the nation or even outside the country. In such a scenario, the labour market impacts in that specific region are dispersed across the country or the globe, which makes accurate measurement of the local labour market evaluation more intricate. The third procedural obstacle is the questionable quality of statistics on immigrants, and particularly the statistics of specific immigrants, which are usually based on very few samples of the population and can consequently bring about noteworthy measurement errors in the analysis. Most empirical studies, including all those analysed in this paper, usually employ a variety of methods and econometric procedures to deal with these obstacles. There are three major types of procedural techniques of dealing with these obstacles. These include the spatial correlation technique, which divides the national labour market in several sub-markets by geographical regions, then evaluating wage changes in these regions (e.g. Dustmann et al 2005). The second is the factor proportions technique, which entails coming up with a simulation of the effects of immigration on the labour supply and the ramifications for earnings and employment (e.g. Borjas et al., 1997). The third is the skills cells technique, which splits the national labour market in terms of skills group instead of geographic regions (e.g. Manacorda et al., 2012). Conclusion The study of the impacts of immigrants to the UK and UK immigration policy on its labour market is very imperative in modern day politics. Furthermore, the predicament of immigration in the UK will remain pertinent in the future, with an expected influx of approximately 7.7 million immigrants in the period between 2008 and 2060. The policy makers and society of the UK hold the perception that immigrants reduce opportunities for jobs from native-born employees and increase pressure on wages and resources. However, an analysis of the UK literature on the topic of impacts of immigrants to the UK and UK immigration policy on its labour market show that there is no evidence to support this perception. In fact, it is the immigrants who are adversely by in the increase of immigration in the country. As a result, the UK’s policy makers should not impede immigration processes that may help in improving the country’s productivity in the name of making UK’s labour market an even field for UK-born employees. References Borjas, G. J., R.B. Freeman, and L.F. Katz. (1997). “How Much Do Immigration and Trade Affect Labor Market Outcomes?” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 1 pp. 1-90. Clark K, Drinkwater S (2010). Recent trends in minority ethnic entrepreneurship in Britain. Int Small Bus J 28: pp 136–146 Dustmann, C., Glitz, A. and Frattini, T. (2008). “The Labour Market Impact of Immigration.” Oxford Review of Economic Policy 24, (3) Dustmann, C., Frattini, T.and Preston, I. (2013). “The Effect of Immigration along the Distribution of Wages.” Review of Economic Studies 80, (1) pp 145-173. Dustmann, C., Frattini, T.and Preston, I. (2005) “The Impact of Immigration on the British Labour Market.” Economic Journal 115, (507) F324-F341. Hatton TJ, Tani M (2005). Immigration and inter-regional mobility in the UK, 1982–2000. Econ J 115: F342–F358 Jean, S. and Jimenez, M. (2007) “The Unemployment Impact of Immigration in OECD Countries.” OECD Economics Department Working Papers 563, Lemos, S., and Portes, J. (2008) “New Labour? The Impact of Migration from Central and Eastern European Countries on the UK Labour Market”, IZA Discussion Paper No. 3756, Institute for the Study of Labor, Bonn Lucchino, P., Rosazza-Bondibene, C. and Portes, J.(2012). “Examining the Relationship between Immigration and Unemployment using National Insurance Number Registration Data.” NIESR Discussion Paper 386. National Institute of Economic and Social Research, London. Macura M, MacDonald AL, Haug W (eds) (2005). The new demographic regime. United Nations, Geneva Manacorda, M., Manning, A. and Wadsworth, J. (2012) ”The Impact of Immigration on the Structure of Male Wages: Theory and Evidence from Britain.“ Journal of the European Economic Association 10, (1) pp 120-151. Migration Advisory Committee. (2012). “Analysis of the Impacts of Migration.” Home Office, London. OECD (2009). International migration and the economic crisis: understanding the links and shaping policy responses. OECD Working Party on Migration, Paris Okkerse L (2008). How to measure labour market effects of immigration: a review. J Econ Surv 22: pp 1–30 Nickell, S. and Salaheen J. (2008). “The Impact of Immigration on Occupational Wages: Evidence from Britain.” Working Paper No. 08-6, Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, Boston, Reed, H. and Latorre, M. (2009) “The Economic Impacts of Migration on the UK Labour Market.” IPPR Economics of Migration Working Paper 3, Institute for Public Policy Research, London Saleheen, Jumana and Shadforth C. (2006). “The Economic Characteristics of Immigrants and their Impact on Supply.” Bank of England Quarterly Bulletin, Q4, pp 374–385. Schmitt, J. and Wadsworth, J.(2007). “Changing Patterns in the Relative Economic Performance of Immigrants to Great Britain and the United States, 1980–2000.” British Journal of Industrial Relations, 55, pp 659–686. Venturini A, Villosio C (2006). Labour market effects of immigration: an empirical analysis based on Italian data. Int Labour Rev 145: pp 91–118 Zorlu A, Hartog J (2005). The effect of immigration on wages in three European countries. J Popul Econ18: pp. 113–151 Read More
Cite this document
  • APA
  • MLA
  • CHICAGO
(“Impacts of Immigrants to UK and UK Immigration Policy on its Labour Essay”, n.d.)
Impacts of Immigrants to UK and UK Immigration Policy on its Labour Essay. Retrieved from https://studentshare.org/macro-microeconomics/1639540-please-discuss-the-impacts-of-immigrants-to-uk-and-uk-immigration-policy-on-its-labour-market-based-on-the-theories-introduced-during-the-lecture-relevant-facts-and-useful-information-can-be-found-in-the-relevant-chapters-of-the-two-following-report
(Impacts of Immigrants to UK and UK Immigration Policy on Its Labour Essay)
Impacts of Immigrants to UK and UK Immigration Policy on Its Labour Essay. https://studentshare.org/macro-microeconomics/1639540-please-discuss-the-impacts-of-immigrants-to-uk-and-uk-immigration-policy-on-its-labour-market-based-on-the-theories-introduced-during-the-lecture-relevant-facts-and-useful-information-can-be-found-in-the-relevant-chapters-of-the-two-following-report.
“Impacts of Immigrants to UK and UK Immigration Policy on Its Labour Essay”, n.d. https://studentshare.org/macro-microeconomics/1639540-please-discuss-the-impacts-of-immigrants-to-uk-and-uk-immigration-policy-on-its-labour-market-based-on-the-theories-introduced-during-the-lecture-relevant-facts-and-useful-information-can-be-found-in-the-relevant-chapters-of-the-two-following-report.
  • Cited: 0 times

CHECK THESE SAMPLES OF Impacts of Immigrants to UK and UK Immigration Policy on its Labour Market

Nativism and Immigration Restriction

Advocates of the open door policy clashed with anti-immigrant forces over immigration policy for one of the first times in our nation's history.... Immigration was encouraged and the country maintained an open door policy to people from all over the world.... immigration continued to weave the tapestry of America for over 300 years after the Mayflower brought the first European settlers to America's shores.... However, the year 1882 would become a turning point in our nation's history with the passage of the federal Chinese Exclusion Act that prohibited immigration based on race and ethnicity....
6 Pages (1500 words) Essay

Population and Immigration in Relation to Hospitality Market in the UK

Due to globalization and the free market economy, the recruitment strategy has to undergo change.... People1st, the Sector Skills Council (SSC) for the hospitality, leisure, travel, and tourism sector, uk, envisages an additional 15,000 new jobs between 2002 and 2012, in addition to the 846,000 replacement jobs lost through labor turnover.... This essay will examine why this sector is not popular with British local people and why there are so many immigrants in this industry....
9 Pages (2250 words) Essay

Making Migration Work for Britain

This paper "Making Migration Work for Britain" argues that while the immigration policy is straightforward and clear, it has some limitations that affect society.... In fact, previous studies have shown that the labor market in the UK consists of a majority of immigrants, especially in the lower grades.... In the recent past, however, the government has been forced to revise its immigration laws in order to curb issues such as terrorism, crime, overpopulation, and unemployment....
7 Pages (1750 words) Essay

Global Population: Consequences of Population Growth

The paper 'Global Population' describes the recent population growth which can affect the overall standard of living and increase the level of human miseries.... Due to the author, the world population would have been much higher than what it is now had there been no disease, war, other disasters....
7 Pages (1750 words) Essay

Impacts of Economic Globalisation on the UK

Economic globalisation promotes the idea of international economic integration which may enhance a single global market whereas the concept of globalisation supports… To define, “economic globalisation refers to the increasing economic interdependence of national economies across the world through a rapid increase in cross-border Economic globalisation is a broader idea that encompasses concepts such as globalisation of production, market competition, multinational corporations, and industries....
9 Pages (2250 words) Coursework

Immigrant Law of Labour Market

The paper “Immigrant Law of labour market” will focus on advantages and disadvantages of immigrants on the labour market, depending on the skill the immigrants have and the skill that workers possess in the country.... Skilled immigrants pose a considerable threat to the labour market.... hellip; The author states that skilled immigrants who can substitute the existing workers in the host country are disadvantageous because they will intensify competition in the labour market and resultantly lessen wages....
5 Pages (1250 words) Essay

Immigration, Race and Ethnic Relations

This work called "immigration, Race, and Ethnic Relations" describes estimating the reasons and impact of fast-growing immigration.... The author outlines the positive and negative effects of immigration with particular focus on the challenges of racism and ethnocentrism in the emigrant countries.... It has given birth to the idea of immigration, which simply refers to the change in one's residential status on a permanent basis....
10 Pages (2500 words) Essay

Key Rural Housing Problems

… Key Rural Housing Problems Rural communities in the uk encounter a unique combination of housing problems.... This is because commuters, owners of second and holiday homes and Key Rural Housing Problems Rural communities in the uk encounter a unique combination of housing problems.... uk is seeing a reversal of the urban migration that was rampart in the 18th and 19th centuries.... Most people in the uk now prefer to live in the rural areas....
11 Pages (2750 words) Essay
sponsored ads
We use cookies to create the best experience for you. Keep on browsing if you are OK with that, or find out how to manage cookies.
Contact Us